Abstract The present study examines the evolving nature of social enterprise and identifies the most significant factors related to individuals and institutions. Organisations that pursue both profit and non-profit objectives, thus maintaining a mix of market- and mission-oriented practices and beliefs for addressing social and ecological issues, are known as “social enterprises.” The present study examines the methods of identifying, evaluating, and exploiting the principal factors related to social entrepreneurial opportunities. For this purpose, a qualitative research process applying the Delphi technique was conducted. A Delphi sample of 25 experts from Spain and Latin America was included. This study contributes to building a framework of reference for academics and practitioners regarding the key factors influencing the different stages of the social entrepreneurial process. The empirical results of the study offer a testimony of the most significant, both contextual and individual, factors in each stage of the social entrepreneurial process.

Resumen Este artículo examina la naturaleza evolutiva de la empresa social e identifica los factores más importantes relacionados con las personas y las instituciones. Las organizaciones que persiguen objetivos tanto lucrativos como no lucrativos, manteniendo así una combinación de prácticas y creencias orientadas al mercado y a la misión para abordar cuestiones sociales y ecológicas, son “empresas sociales”. El artículo examina los métodos para identificar, evaluar y explotar los principales factores de las oportunidades empresariales sociales. Para ello se realizó una investigación cualitativa aplicando la técnica Delphi. Se incluyó una muestra Delphi de 25 expertos de España y Latinoamérica. Este estudio contribuye a construir un marco de referencia para académicos y profesionales en torno a los factores clave que influyen en las diferentes etapas del proceso de emprendimiento social. Los resultados empíricos del estudio ofrecen un testimonio de los factores más significativos, tanto contextuales como individuales, en cada etapa del proceso de emprendimiento social.

Abstract: The objective of this article is to highlight the contribution of Simone Weil to the philosophical thought on human freedom, based on her essay “Reflections on the causes of freedom and social oppression” written in 1934 and unpublished until its publication by Albert Camus in the year 1955. The hypothesis that I support is that we can find in the text affirmations that are still relevant about the conditions of possibility of human freedom, with implications for Political Theory and that those who position themselves in favour of freedom cannot ignore. freedom. I will carry out a textual analysis of said essay, paying attention to what it says, with a view free of the apriorismus that knowledge of the context and trajectory of the author could provoke; The result is to affirm the condition of Simone Weil as a classical thinker, whose ideas about freedom must be taken into consideration.

Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es resaltar la aportación de Simone Weil al pensamiento filosófico sobre la libertad humana, tomando como base su ensayo “Reflexiones sobre las causas de la libertad y de la opresión social” redactado en el año 1934 e inédito hasta su publicación por Albert Camus en el año 1955. La hipótesis que sostengo es que podemos encontrar en el texto afirmaciones todavía relevantes sobre las condiciones de posibilidad de la libertad humana, con implicaciones para la Teoría Política y que no pueden desoír aquellos que se posicionan en favor de la libertad. Realizaré un análisis textual de dicho ensayo fijando la atención en lo que dice, con una mirada libre de los apriorismos que pudiera suscitar el conocimiento del contexto y trayectoria de la autora; El resultado es afirmar la condición de pensadora clásica de Simone Weil, cuyas ideas sobre la libertad deben ser tenidas en consideración.

Resumen El trabajo presenta una comparación respecto del desempeño en tareas de cálculo mental en educación primaria, entre establecimientos educativos que adoptan el método abierto basado en números (ABN) respecto de otros que imparten una enseñanza tradicional, relacionada con las prácticas habituales del profesorado, o bien sugerida en algunos libros de texto. La experimentación se llevó a cabo en cursos de primer año de primaria de cuatro escuelas, dos de ellas públicas, una particular privada y una particular subvencionada de Chile. Se diseñó y aplicó una prueba de cálculo mental de ejercicios aditivos con dos y tres sumandos, con la cual se midieron habilidades de rapidez y de precisión. Un análisis de diferencias inter-grupos evidencia la efectividad de la metodología ABN por sobre la tradicional en las mediciones realizadas. Se discuten los resultados y sus proyecciones dentro del contexto educativo chileno.

Abstract This work presents a comparison in the performance of mental calculation tasks in primary education, between educational institutions adopting an open method based on numbers (ABN) and those employing traditional teaching methods, related to habitual practices by professors or as suggested by some textbooks. This experiment was conducted during the first-year courses of primary education in four schools, two of them public, another one was private, and the fourth one was private with subsidies from the Chilean government. We designed and applied a mental calculation test with two and three sum exercises. We used these to measure speed and precision. An analysis of inter-group differences showed the effectiveness of the ABN methodology when compared to traditional teaching. We discuss the results and their projections within Chile’s educational context.

Abstract Secondary production is the formation of heterotrophic biomass across time, which integrates several important ecological processes that affect the life of organisms, populations, communities and ecosystems, but its study has poor developed in South America. The objectives of this work were to describe the diversity of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in terms of abundance and biomass, and to quantify their secondary production for the first time in Andean rivers. A quantitative sampling scheme was implemented, using a Surber sampler, in three forested streams. Physical-chemical variables, nutrients, organic matter and chlorophyll were measured also. The macroinvertebrates were separated and identified mostly at the species level. Each taxon was assigned to a functional feeding group. Secondary production was estimated for 38 taxa, mostly Diptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera, and Ephemeroptera. The annual production varied from 3769 to 13916 mg dry mass m-2 y-1. Most abundant taxa were also those with higher production, dominated by Ephemeroptera (Baetidae), Trichoptera (Hydropsychidae) and Diptera (Chironomidae and Simuliidae). Density, biomass, and production of collectors and predators were much higher than the other feeding groups. We expect that our results will be useful to evaluate the effects on stream functioning produced by global warming and other anthropogenic disturbances in our region.

Resumen Los bioles son bioinsumos obtenidos de la digestión anaeróbica de materia orgánica, que surgen como una alternativa económica y de bajo impacto para la agricultura. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar los bioles obtenidos de: la producción de biogás (Biog), elaborado para la nutrición vegetal con base en la FAO (Bfao), y de una fermentación láctica (Blac), para utilizarse como bioestimulantes en lechuga y tomate. Sobre la base del análisis de toxicidad, la dilución al 10% fue seleccionada para aplicarse en las plantas. En lechuga, Bfao y Blac incrementaron significativamente la biomasa aérea (2,17 ±0,54 y 2,33 ±1,13 g respec tivamente), referente al control (1,16 ±0,60 g), mientras que la biomasa radical presentó mayores valores solo en Bfao (1,60 ±0,44 g), comparado al control (0,66 ±0,34 g). Los bioles incrementaron el contenido de clorofila (CCI), mientras que los índices de rendimiento (Fv/Fm) y de desempeño (Plabs) no se diferenciaron del control. En tomate, solo la biomasa aérea fue significativamente mayor en Bfao, todos los bioinsumos incrementaron signifi cativamente CCI, mientras que Fv/Fm solo por Bfao y Blac, y PIabs no mostró diferencias respecto al control. En ambos, lechuga y tomate el fertilizante comercial fue el tratamiento con mayores valores, sin embargo, todos los bioinsumos estimularon el crecimiento vegetal. El mayor efecto fue producido por Bfao, seguido de Blac y Biog, siendo una alternativa adecuada para una producción vegetal económica, segura y con menor impacto.

Abstract Bioslurries, obtained by anaerobic digestion of fresh organic matter, are emerging as a cheaper and low-impact alternative for synthetic products in agriculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate bioslurry obtained from biogas digestion (Biog), bioslurry for plant nutrition by FAO (Bfao), and lactic fermentation (Blac) as biostimulant in tomato and lettuce plants. Based on a toxicity test, a 10% dilution was finally applied to the plants. In lettuce, Bfao and Blac significantly increased aerial biomass (2.17 ±0.54 and 2.33 ±1.13 g respectively), regarding water control (1.16 ±0.60 g), while root biomass was only increased by Bfao (1.60 ±0.44 g) compared to control (0.66 ±0.34 g). All digestates increased chlorophyll content index (CCI), while yield (Fv/Fm) and performance index (Plabs) did not show differences with water control. In tomato, only aerial biomass was significantly increased by Bfao. All digestates significantly increased CCI, while Fv/Fm was only significantly higher in Bfao and Blac, related to water control. PIabs showed no differences. In both plant species, commercial fertilizer showed significantly higher values for all parameters. In conclusion, all digestates stimulated plant growth, Bfao showed the highest effect on tomatoes and lettuce biomass followed by Blac and Biog, being a cheaper, safer and lower-impact alternative for traditional products for crop growing.

Resumen Objetivo. Desarrollar recomendaciones prácticas, basadas en la mejor evidencia y experiencia disponible, sobre el manejo de enfermería de los pacientes con artritis reumatoide (AR) y enfermedad pulmonar intersticial (EPI). Métodos. Se utilizó la metodología de consenso en la que un panel de expertos (formado por enfermeras de reumatología, reumatólogos, una psicóloga, una fisioterapeuta y una paciente) definió el ámbito, los usuarios, los temas sobre los que explorar la evidencia y sobre los que emitir recomendaciones. Tres preguntas PICO evaluaron la eficacia y seguridad de la rehabilitación pulmonar y las medidas no farmacológicas para el tratamiento de la tos crónica y el reflujo gastroesofágico mediante la búsqueda de revisiones sistemáticas, excluyendo aquellas cuya calidad era baja, muy baja o críticamente baja, según la herramienta AMSTAR-2. Posteriormente, se hizo una reunión para la formulación de recomendaciones que se presentaron con un resumen de la evidencia a la encuesta Delphi. Resultados. Con los resultados de las revisiones se establecieron 15 recomendaciones cuyo grado de acuerdo osciló entre el 77% y el 100% en la una encuesta Delphi. Tres recomendaciones fueron rechazadas en la segunda ronda: una por la evidencia disponible y los dos restantes se basaron en la opinión de expertos. Las 12 recomendaciones restantes aprobadas se referían a la evaluación del paciente (n=4), a la educación del paciente (n=4) y a la gestión del riesgo (n=4). Conclusión. El conocimiento del consenso Openreuma por parte de enfermería y la aplicación sus 12 recomendaciones basadas en la mejor evidencia y experiencia puede mejorar el seguimiento y el pronóstico de los pacientes con AR que presentan EPI.

Abstract Objective. To develop practical recommendations, based on the best available evidence and experience, on the nursing management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and interstitial lung disease (ILD). Methods. The usual consensus methodology was used, with a nominal group, systematic reviews (SRs), and Delphi survey. The expert panel, consisting of rheumatology nurses, rheumatologists, a psychologist, a physiotherapist, and a patient, defined the scope, the users, the topics on which to explore the evidence and on which to issue recommendations. Results. Three PICO questions evaluated the efficacy and safety of pulmonary rehabilitation and non-pharmacological measures for the treatment of chronic cough and gastroesophageal reflux by means of SR of the literature. With the results of the reviews, 15 recommendations were established for which the degree of agreement was obtained with a Delphi survey. Three recommendations were rejected in the second round. The 12 recommendations were in patient assessment (n=4); patient education (n=4); and risk management (n=4). Only one recommendation was based on available evidence, while the remaining were based on expert opinion. The degree of agreement ranged from 77% to 100%. Conclusion. This document presents a series of recommendations with the aim of improving the prognosis and quality of life of patients with RA-ILD. Nursing knowledge and implementation of these recommendations can improve the follow-up and prognosis of patients with RA who present with ILD.

Resumo Objetivo. Desenvolver recomendações práticas, baseadas na melhor evidência e experiência disponíveis, sobre o manejo de enfermagem de pacientes com artrite reumatoide (AR) e doença pulmonar intersticial (DPI). Métodos. Foi utilizada a metodologia de consenso, com grupo nominal, revisões sistemáticas e levantamento Delphi. O painel de especialistas, formado por enfermeiros reumatologistas, reumatologistas, psicólogo, fisioterapeuta e paciente, definiu o escopo, os usuários, os tópicos sobre os quais explorar as evidências e sobre os quais emitir recomendações. Três questões do PICO avaliaram a eficácia e segurança da reabilitação pulmonar e medidas não farmacológicas para o tratamento da tosse crônica e refluxo gastroesofágico por meio de RS. Aqueles cuja qualidade era baixa, muito baixa ou criticamente baixa, de acordo com a ferramenta AMSTAR-2, foram excluídos. Posteriormente, realizou-se uma reunião para formular recomendações que foram apresentadas com um resumo das evidências ao inquérito Delphi. Resultados. Com os resultados das revisões, foram estabelecidas 15 recomendações cujo grau de concordância entre 77% e 100% foi obtido com uma pesquisa Delphi. Três recomendações foram rejeitadas na segunda rodada. As 12 recomendações referiam-se à avaliação do paciente (n=4); à educação do paciente (n=4); e ao gerenciamento de risco (n=4). Apenas uma recomendação foi baseada nas evidências disponíveis, enquanto as demais foram baseadas na opinião de especialistas. Conclusão. Este documento apresenta uma série de recomendações com o objetivo de melhorar o prognóstico e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes com AR-ILD. O conhecimento da enfermagem e a aplicação dessas recomendações podem melhorar o acompanhamento e o prognóstico de pacientes com AR com DPI.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Este estudio contribuye a la neurociencia de la conducta delictiva abordando dos objetivos: a) examinar las diferencias en las características corticales en un grupo de delincuentes juveniles de sexo masculino (21 GD), frente a los controles (28 GC), ambos con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 21 años; y b) determinar hasta qué punto las características corticales diferenciales y el perfil psicológico de riesgo discriminan entre los dos grupos. Método: Además de las medidas corticales, se evaluaron los datos demográficos, el funcionamiento ejecutivo, el trauma infantil, los rasgos psicopáticos, los síntomas psicopatológicos y el comportamiento antisocial y delictivo. Resultados: El análisis del manto cortical de todo el cerebro mostró un mayor grosor cortical en el clúster que comprende la circunvolución temporal media derecha y una menor superficie en la corteza orbitofrontal lateral para el GD con respecto al GC. La función discriminante clasificó correctamente el 100% de los casos del GC y el 94,7% del GD. El clúster temporal derecho, el trauma infantil, la insensibilidad y los síntomas de sensibilidad interpersonal, psicoticismo, depresión, ansiedad fóbica y comportamiento obsesivo-compulsivo contribuyeron al GD. Por su parte, el clúster orbitofrontal lateral, los rasgos psicopáticos de grandiosidad, impasibilidad y búsqueda de emociones y la memoria de trabajo contribuyeron al GC. Conclusiones: La alteración temporal media derecha del GD podría ser indicativa de un desarrollo cerebral alterado en los procesos de cognición social, ya que este rasgo cortical apareció en combinación con el perfil de mayor riesgo. La reducción en el área orbitofrontal podría ser indicativa de un desarrollo cerebral inmaduro en los procesos de control emocional, ya que apareció en combinación con el perfil psicológico normativo en la adolescencia. A partir de estos hallazgos novedosos, se proponen áreas posibles de mejora para la investigación y la intervención.

ABSTRACT Objectives: This study contributes to the neuroscience of offending behavior by addressing two aims: a) to examine differences in the cortical features in a group of male serious juvenile offenders (21 OG), versus controls (28 CG), both ranging from 18 to 21 years old; and b) to determine to what extent the differential cortical features and the risk psychological profile discriminate between the two groups. Method: Besides cortical measures, demographics, executive functioning, childhood trauma, psychopathic traits, psychopathological symptoms, and antisocial and delinquent behavior were assessed. Results: Whole-brain analysis of the cortical mantle identified increased cortical thickness in the cluster comprising the right middle temporal gyrus and a smaller surface area in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex for the OG compared to the CG. The discriminant function correctly classified 100% of cases of the CG and 94.7% of the OG. Right temporal cluster, childhood trauma, callousness and symptoms of interpersonal sensitivity, psychoticism, depression, phobic anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive behavior contributed to the OG. In turn, the lateral orbitofrontal cluster, psychopathic traits of grandiosity, unemotionality, and thrill seeking, and working memory contributed to the CG. Conclusions: The increased right middle temporal gyrus of the OG could be indicative of impaired brain development in social cognition processes since it appeared in combination with the higher risk profile. The reduced orbitofrontal cortex could be indicative of immature brain development in emotional control processes since it appeared in combination with the normative psychological profile in adolescence. Based on these novel findings, areas of potential improvement for research and intervention are suggested.

Resumen Introducción: Aun son escasos los estudios que recomiendan los pacientes con fibrilación auricular en los programas de rehabilitación cardiaca. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos del entrenamiento físico en pacientes con fibrilación auricular en régimen de rehabilitación cardiovascular. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio pre-experimental, prospectivo, tipo pretest- postest con 18 pacientes con fibrilación auricular que asistieron durante 12 semanas a las sesiones de rehabilitación cardiaca. Se evaluó el paciente al inicio y finaldel programa con ergometría con gases espirados, análisis de sangre y ecocardiograma transtorácico. Resultados: Predominaron el sexo masculino (72.2 %), el diagnóstico de miocardiopatías (33.3 %), la hipertensión arterial (100 %) y la fibrilación auricular persistente de larga duración (55.6 %). Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa para cada variable morfofuncional: índice de masa corporal (28.0±5.0 vs. 26.9±4.4, p< 0.0001), consumo de oxígeno pico (13.6±3.0 vs. 15.3±2.9, p<0.0001), consumo de oxígeno en el umbral anaerobio (9.9±2.2 vs. 10.7±2.0; p=0.007), equivalente ventilatorio para dióxido de carbono (27.7±4.7 vs. 26.6±4.7; p<0.0001), equivalente ventilatorio para el oxígeno (24.2±5.0 vs. 23.8±4.9 p=0.001), pulso de oxígeno (10.2±2.5 vs. 12.1±2.1; p< 0,0001), unidades metabólicas (3.8±0.9 vs. 4.3±0.9; p<0.0001) y fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda (55,7±8,7 vs. 58,2±7,5, p=0,003). Las variables metabólicas disminuyeron significativamente (p<0.0001). La clase funcional de Weber mejoró en 5 pacientes (27.8 %). Conclusiones: El entrenamiento físico de pacientes con fibrilación auricular durante 12 semanas de rehabilitación cardiovascular mejoró la capacidad funcional, con incrementos evolutivos de la fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda y disminución de las variables metabólicas, sin generar riesgos ni complicaciones.

Abstract Effects of physical training of patients with atrial fibrillation in cardiovascular rehabilitation regimen Introduction: There are still few studies that recommend patients with atrial fibrillation in cardiovascular rehabilitation programs. Objective: To evaluate the effects of physical training in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing cardiovascular rehabilitation. Method: A pre-experimental, prospective, pretest-posttest study was carried out with 18 patients with atrial fibrillation who attended cardiac rehabilitation sessions for 12 weeks. The patient was evaluated at the beginning and end of the program with stress test with expired gases, blood test and transthoracic echocardiogram. Results: The male sex (72.2%), the diagnosis of cardiomyopathies (33.3%), arterial hypertension (100%) and longterm persistent atrial fibrillation (55.6%) predominated. A statistically significant difference was found for each morphofunctional variable: body mass index (28.0±5.0 vs. 26.9±4.4, p<0.0001), peak oxygen consumption (13.6±3.0 vs. 15.3±2.9, p<0.0001), oxygen at the anaerobic threshold (9.9±2.2 vs. 10.7±2.0; p=0.007), ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (27.7±4.7 vs. 26.6±4.7; p<0.0001), ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (24.2± 5.0 vs. 23.8±4.9 p=0.001), oxygen pulse (10.2±2.5 vs. 12.1±2.1; p<0.0001), metabolic units (3.8±0.9 vs. 4.3±0.9; p<0.0001) and fraction of left ventricular ejection (55.7±8.7 vs. 58.2±7.5, p=0.003). The metabolic variables decreased significantly (p<0.0001). Weber’s functional class improved in 5 patients (27.8%). Conclusions: Physical training of patients with atrial fibrillation during 12 weeks of cardiovascular rehabilitation improved functional capacity, with progressive increases in left ventricular ejection fraction and decrease in metabolic variables, without generating risks or complications.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize hand hygiene behavioural intention by hospital services clusters in a medium-sized hospital in an Ecuadorian city. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study based on the World Health Organization Hand Hygiene Knowledge Questionnaire for Health-Care Workers. The responses on hand hygiene behavioural intention for the Five Moments for hand hygiene according to the World Health Organization were recorded in three categories: before patient contact, before and after sterile technique and management of body fluids, and after contact with the environment of the patient. The variables were the knowledge regarding the source of germs causing nosocomial infections, the optimal time to achieve disinfection with alcohol, hospital services clusters (clinical medicine, surgery, and therapeutic services), and history of previous formal hand hygiene training. The variables in each moment were analysed using a saturated log-linear model. RESULTS: The average age of participants was 34 years (Q1 32.1–Q3 36.4). Of them, 62% belonged to the clinic cluster and 87.6% had previous formal hand hygiene training. The incorrect response rates for before and after sterile technique and management of body fluids, before patient contact, and after contact with the environment of the patient were 30.2, 88.4, and 99.2%, respectively. In before patient contact, the incorrect responses for optimal time depended on the department (worse surgery cluster situation), and in before and after sterile technique and management of body fluids and after contact with the environment of the patient, the incorrect responses for source of germs depended on the previous formal hand hygiene training and the department (worse surgery and clinic clusters). CONCLUSION: The incorrect answer related to hand hygiene behavioural intention was high compared to other reports, and the worse situation was found in after contact with the environment of the patient and before patient contact. These data suggest the need of strengthening permanently the hand hygiene programme.

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Abstract Objective To evaluate the association between first-degree family history and colorectal cancer (CRC). Method We analyzed data from 2857 controls and 1360 CRC cases, collected in the MCC-Spain project. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of association with the family history of CRC was estimated by non-conditional logistic regression. Results First-degree relatives doubled the risk of CRC (OR: 2.19; 95% CI: 1.80–2.66), increasing in those with two or more (OR: 4.22; 95% CI: 2.29–7.78) and in those whose relatives were diagnosed before 50 years (OR: 3.24; 95% CI: 1.52–6.91). Regarding the association of the family history with the location, no significant differences were observed between colon and rectum, but there were in the relation of these with the age of diagnosis, having more relatives those diagnosed before 50 years (OR: 4.79; 95% CI:2.65–8.65). Conclusions First-degree relatives of CRC increase the chances of developing this tumor,they also increase when the relative is diagnosed at an early age. Therefore, it must be a target population on which to carry out prevention measures.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the association between first-degree family history and colorectal cancer (CRC). Method We analyzed data from 2857 controls and 1360 CRC cases, collected in the MCC-Spain project. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of association with the family history of CRC was estimated by non-conditional logistic regression.. Results First-degree relatives doubled the risk of CRC (OR: 2.19; 95% CI: 1.80–2.66), increasing in those with two or more (OR: 4.22; 95% CI: 2.29–7.78) and in those whose relatives were diagnosed before 50 years (OR: 3.24; 95% CI: 1.52–6.91). Regarding the association of the family history with the location, no significant differences were observed between colon and rectum, but there were in the relation of these with the age of diagnosis, having more relatives those diagnosed before 50 years (OR: 4.79; 95% CI:2.65–8.65). Conclusions First-degree relatives of CRC increase the chances of developing this tumor,they also increase when the relative is diagnosed at an early age. Therefore, it must be a target population on which to carry out prevention measures.

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Resumen El diagnóstico patológico del mesotelioma pleural difuso (MPD) contribuye a la selección del tratamiento y a la interpretación de los ensayos clínicos. Para conocer sus características y evaluar la viabilidad del diagnóstico patológico de MPD en Argentina se realizó un estudio descriptivo retros pectivo de los casos de MPD informados de 2009 a 2018. Se analizaron 398 casos correspondientes a 238 (60%) hombres y 160 (40%) mujeres, mediana de edad de 66 años, a partir de biopsias quirúrgicas (78%), biopsias pequeñas (16.5%) y resecciones quirúrgicas (5.5%). El 77% fue epitelioide (E-MPD), 12% bifásicos, 10% sarcomatoides y 4 casos variante transicional. En E-MPD se encontró como patrón principal el tubular en 36% y el sólido en 33%. Hubo un segundo patrón en 179 casos. Considerando el principal y el segundo patrón en conjunto, el 48% presentó subtipo tubular y el 48% subtipo sólido. El estroma, la necrosis y el score nuclear mostraron diferencias significativas entre E-MPD y mesoteliomas no epitelioides. El grado general del tumor fue predominantemente bajo en E-MPD, a excepción del 42% del patrón principal sólido. Reconocimos la variante transicional en forma extensa en 4 casos y focalmente en 8. La expresión de citoqueratina 5, calretinina y WT-1 fue menor en el tipo sarcomatoide (43%, 87 y 37%) que en el tipo epitelioide (92%, 98% y 93%). Este estudio destaca la heterogeneidad tumoral de MPD que evidencia la dificu ltad en el diagnóstico y la viabilidad de evaluar la agresividad histológica en E-MPD, B-MPD y S-MPD en nuestro país.

Abstract The pathological diagnosis of diffuse pleural mesothelioma (DPM) contributes to treatment selection and clinical trials interpretation. To know its characteristics and evaluate the viability of comprehensive pathological diagnosis of DPM in Argentina we did a retrospective descriptive study of DPM cases reported from 2009 to 2018. We analyzed 398 cases corresponding to 238 (60%) men and 160 (40%) women, median age 66 years, from surgical biopsies (78%), small biopsies (16.5%) and surgical resections (5.5%). The 77% were epithelioid (E-DPM), 12% biphasic, 10% sarcomatoid, and 4 cases transitional variant. In E-DPM the main pattern was tubular in 36% and solid in 33%. There was a second pattern in 179 cases. Considering the main pattern and the second together, 48% presented tubular subtype and 48% solid subtype. Stroma, necrosis, and nuclear score showed significant differences between E-DPM and non-epithelioid mesotheliomas. Overall tumor grade was predominantly low in E-DPM, except for 42% of the solid main pattern. We recognized the transitional variant extensively in 4 cases and focally in 8. The immunohistochemical antibody panel used included pan-cytokeratin, calretinin, WT-1, cytokeratin 5, CEA and TTF-1. The expression of cytokeratin 5, calretinin and WT-1 was lower in the sarcomatoid type (43%, 87 and 37%) than in the epithelioid type (92%, 98% and 93%). This study highlights the tumor heterogeneity of DPM that shows the diagnostic difficulty, and the feasibility of evaluating histological aggressiveness in E-DPM, B-DPM and S-DPM in our country.

Abstract: During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, efforts have focused on trying to identify the routes of transmission of the virus, characterize its symptoms and signs, and investigate the best diagnostic and therapeutic methods. There are fewer published data and series in the pediatric population than in adults. Objective: To analyze the clinical and epidemiological characteristics in children under 16 years of age diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2. Patients and Method: Descriptive study carried out on children who underwent SARS-CoV-2 RNA testing due to compatible symptoms, close contact, or requiring hospitalization or surgery, in the Emergency Department of a hospital in Madrid, Spain. 30 variables were collected including epidemiological data, symptoms, and signs of infection. Results: Out of 1378 patients, 12% were positive (165). There was a higher proportion of patients of North African origin in the positive group than in the negative one (p < 0.01). Of all patients, 35.6% reported close contact with a confirmed case, which was more frequent in the positive group. 75.8% of the positive patients had some symptoms, most frequently fever, runny nose, and cough, followed by digestive symptoms. There was one case of COVID-19 pneumonia and two patients with MIS-C, one of which had SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eight of the positive patients (4.8%) required hospitalization due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion: Although SARS-CoV-2 infection is milder in the pediatric population, almost 5% will require hospitalization. No close contact was identified in a high percentage of patients (61%). Further studies are needed at all levels of care to characterize the infection in children and adolescents.

Resumen: Introducción: Durante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 los esfuerzos se han centrado en intentar identificar las vías de transmisión del virus, caracterizar clínicamente la infección e inquirir los mejores métodos diag nósticos y terapéuticos. Los datos y series publicados en población pediátrica son menores que en adultos. Objetivo: Analizar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de pacientes diagnosticados de infección por SARS-CoV-2, menores de 16 años. Pacientes y Método: Estudio descriptivo en un Servicio de Urgencias de un hospital de Madrid, España, de los menores a los que se realizó test de RNA SARS-CoV-2 por síntomas compatibles, contacto estrecho o por precisar hospitalización o intervención quirúrgica. Se recogieron un total de 30 variables que incluían datos epidemiológicos, síntomas y signos de infección. Resultados: De 1.378 pacientes, el 12% (n 165) fueron positivos. En el grupo de positivos hubo una mayor proporción de pacientes de origen norafricano que en el de negativos (p < 0,01). El 35,6% de todos los pacientes refería contacto estrecho con un caso confir mado, siendo más frecuente en el grupo de positivos. El 75.8% de los pacientes positivos tenía algún síntoma, entre los más frecuentes se registró fiebre, rinorrea y tos, seguidos de síntomas digestivos. Hubo un caso de neumonía por SARS-CoV-2 y dos pacientes con SIM-P, demostrándose en uno de ellos infección por este virus. 8 pacientes de los positivos (4.8%) precisó ingreso debido a la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Conclusión: Aunque la infección por SARS-CoV-2 cursa de manera más leve en la población pediátrica, casi un 5% precisará ingreso. En un alto porcentaje de pacientes (61%) no se identifica un contacto estrecho. Son necesarios estudios a todos los niveles asistenciales para caracte rizar la infección en niños y adolescentes.

Resumen El objetivo de esta comunicación es analizar y clarificar los aspectos complejos de la competencia objetiva del Tribunal del Jurado al cumplirse veinticinco años de la puesta en funcionamiento de la institución en el sistema judicial español. Se constatará que imprecisiones en su regulación legal han posibilitado que el Procedimiento ante el jurado, sin apenas modificación legislativa, incremente su complejidad y el esfuerzo que supone para los tribunales y para los ciudadanos. Este estudio propone la reforma de la institución del Tribunal del Jurado en un primer nivel en cuanto a su competencia, clarificándola y simplificándola, y en un segundo nivel (que no excluye el primero) introduciendo cambios en el procedimiento de las instrucciones al jurado y la deliberación que permitan a los ciudadanos afrontar con mejores posibilidades la tarea de emitir y motivar su Veredicto.

Abstract The objective of this presentation is to analyze and clarify the complex aspects of the objective competence of the Jury Court twenty-five years after the institution was put into operation in the Spanish judicial system. It will be found that inaccuracies in its legal regulation have made it possible for the Procedure before the jury, with hardly any legislative modification, to increase its complexity and the effort it entails for the courts and citizens. This study proposes the reform of the institution of the Jury Court at a first level in terms of its competence, clarifying and simplifying it, and at a second level (which does not exclude the first) by introducing changes in the procedure of the instructions to the jury and the deliberation that allow citizens to face with better possibilities the task of issuing and motivating their Verdict.